English Grammar | Learn English What is English Grammar? English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and whole texts. This article defines a generalized, present-day Standard English – a form of speech and writing used in public discourse, including: ·          broadcasting ·          education ·          entertainment ·          government, and news, over a range of registers, from formal to informal Divergences from the grammar described here occur in some historical, social, cultural, and regional varieties of English, although these are more minor than variances in pronunciation and vocabulary. Modern English has mostly abandoned the inflectional case system of Indo-European in favor of analytic structures. The personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class (a remnant of the more extensive Germanic case system of Old English). For othe

Cambridge IELTS 16 answer keys  Cambridge IELTS 16 answer keys: Cambridge IELTS 16 Reading Test with Answer Keys Test 1: READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Why we need to protect polar bears Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance could have far-reaching consequences. They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle, where temperatures can reach -40°C. One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimetres of fat underneath their skin. Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer from diabetes and heart disease. Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences. A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery. They compared the genetic structure of polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, th